Single cell genomics and inclusion of tumor cells enumeration and characterization in clinical studies has been growing rapidly in recent years as new technologies have emerged that have made it possible to identify and characterize tumor cell phenotypic and genotypic biology.
Chalopin et al, Journal of Bone Oncology, 2018 "Isolation of circulating tumor cells in a preclinical model of osteosarcoma: effect of chemotherapy"
Petrossian et al, Oncotarget 2018, "ERα-mediated cell cycle progression is an important requisite for CDK4/6 inhibitor response in HR+ breast cancer"
Ji Won Lee et al, Journal of Applied Genetics 2018, “Identification of novel mutations in FFPE lung adenocarcinomas using DEPArray sorting technology and next-generation sequencing”
Ferrarini A et al, PLOS ONE 2018, “A streamlined workflow for single-cells genome-wide copy-number profiling by low-pass sequencing of LM-PCR whole-genome amplification products”
Boulding et al, Scientific Reports 2018, "LSD1 activation promotes inducible EMT programs and modulates the tumour microenvironment in breast cancer"
Paoletti et al, Cancer Research 2017, "Comprehensive mutation and copy number profiling in archived circulating breast cancer tumor cells documents heterogeneous resistance mechanisms"
Boral et al, Nature Communications 2017, “Molecular characterization of breast cancer CTCs associated with brain metastasis”
Mesquita et al, Molecular Oncology 2017, “Molecular analysis of single circulating tumour cells following long-term storage of clinical samples”
Paolillo et al, Clinical Cancer Research 2017, "Detection of Activating Estrogen Receptor Gene (ESR1) Mutations in Single Circulating Tumor Cells"
Palmirotta et al, Cancer Genomics and Proteomics 2017, “Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) Analysis on Single Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) with No Need of Whole-genome Amplification (WGA)”
Rapp C et al, Acta Neuropathol 2017, “Identification of T cell target antigens in glioblastoma stem‑like cells using an integrated proteomics‑based approach in patient specimens”
Bingham C et al, Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017, “Mutational studies on single circulating tumor clles isolated form the blood of inflammatory breast cancer patients”
Tellez Gabriel M et al, European Journal of Cell Biology 2017, “Analysis of gap junctional intercellular communications using a dielectrophoresis-based microchip”
De Laere B et al, JTS 2016, “Patients with metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer express PIK3CA oncogene mutational heterogeneity in circulating tumor cells”
Carter L et al, Nature Medicine 2016, “Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells identifies distinct copy-number profiles in patients with chemo sensitive and chemo refractory small-cell lung cancer”
Zhaomei Mu et al, IJMC 2016, “Detection and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Associated Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer”
Shaw J et al, Clinical Cancer Research 2016, “Mutation analysis of cell-free DNA and single circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients with high CTC counts”
Millner LM et al, Cancer Research Frontiers 2016, “Comprehensive isolation, identification, and nucleic acid analysis of single breast cancer cells: CTC-isoTECH”
De Luca F et al, Oncotarget 2016, “Mutational analysis of single circulating tumor cells by next generation sequencing in metastatic breast cancer”
Bulfoni M et al, Breast Cancer Research 2016, “In patients with metastatic breast cancer the identification of circulating tumor cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is associated with a poor prognosis”
Yee S.S et al, Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine 2016, “A novel approach for next-generation sequencing of circulating tumor cells”
Bolognesi C et al, Nature Scientific Reports 2016, “Digital Sorting of Pure Cell Populations Enables Unambiguous Genetic Analysis of Heterogeneous Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumors by Next Generation Sequencing”
Rothwell G et al, Molecular Oncology 2015, “Genetic profiling of tumours using both circulating free DNA and circulating tumour cells isolated from the same preserved whole blood sample”
Vishnoi M et al, Nature Scientific Reports 2015, “The isolation and characterization of CTC subsets related to breast cancer dormancy”
Salvianti et al, Biomolecular Detection and Quantification 2015, "Feasibility of a workflow for the molecular characterization of singlecells by next generation sequencing”
Ewelina Krzywinska et al, EBioMedicine 2015, “Identification of Anti-tumor Cells Carrying Natural Killer (NK) Cell Antigens in Patients with Hematological Cancers”
Maltoni R et al, Cancer Letters 2015, “Circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer: A connection with vascular invasion”
Pestrin M et al, Molecular Oncology 2014, “Heterogeneity of PIK3CA mutational status at the single cell level in circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer patients”
Fernandez S.V. et al, Breast Cancer Research 2014, “TP53 mutations detected in circulating tumor cellspresent in the blood of metastatic triple negative breast cancer patients"
Carpenter E, et al, Frontiers in Oncology 2014, “Dielectrophoretic capture and genetic analisys of single neuroblastoma tumor cells”
Hodgkinson C.L.et al, Nature Medicine 2014, “Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of Circulating Tumor Cells in Small Cell Lung Cancer”
Peeters DJE, et al. British Journal of Cancer 2013, “Semiautomated isolation and molecular characterization of single or highly purified tumour cells from CellSearch enriched blood samples using dielectrophoretic cell sorting”
Fabbri F, et al. Cancer Letters 2013, “Detection and recovery of circulating colon cancer cells using a dielectrophoresis-based device: KRAS mutation status in pure CTCs”
Anslinger K et al, International Journal of Legal Medicine 2018, "Whose blood is it? Application of DEPArray™ technology for the identification of individual/s who contributed blood to a mixed stain"
Williamson VR et al, FSI Genetics 2018, "Enhanced DNA Mixture Deconvolution of Sexual Offense Samples Using the DEPArrayTM System"
Aslinger K et al, Rechtsmedizin 2017, “Application of DEPArray™ technology for the isolation of white blood cells from cell mixtures in chimerism analysis”
Fontana F et al, FSI Genetics 2017, “Isolation and genetic analysis of pure cells from forensic biological mixtures: The precision of a digital approach”
Hansson O et al, FSI Genetics 2017, “Characterization of artefacts and drop-in events using STR-validator and single-cell analysis”
Ji Won Lee et al, Journal of Applied Genetics 2018, “Identification of novel mutations in FFPE lung adenocarcinomas using DEPArray sorting technology and next-generation sequencing”
Bolognesi C et al, Nature Scientific Reports 2016, “Digital Sorting of Pure Cell Populations Enables Unambiguous Genetic Analysis of Heterogeneous Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumors by Next Generation Sequencing”
Ferrarini A et al, PLOS ONE 2018, “A streamlined workflow for single-cells genome-wide copy-number profiling by low-pass sequencing of LM-PCR whole-genome amplification products”
Werner-Klein et al, Nature Communications 2018, "Genetic alterations driving metastatic colony formation are acquired outside of the primary tumour in melanoma"
Deleye et al , Scientific Reports 2017, “Performance of four modern whole genome amplification methods for copy number variant detection in single cells”
Deleye et al, Scientific Reports 2018, "Short Tandem Repeat analysis after Whole Genome Amplification of single B-lymphoblastoid cells"
Paoletti et al, Cancer Research 2017, "Comprehensive mutation and copy number profiling in archived circulating breast cancer tumor cells documents heterogeneous resistance mechanisms"
Pleatsen at al, Scientific Reports 2017, "STR profiling and Copy Number Variation analysis on single, preserved cells using current Whole Genome Amplification methods"
Hoffmann et al, International Journal of Cancer 2017, “Diagnostic pathology of early systemic cancer: ERBB2 gene amplification in single disseminated cancer cells determines patient survival in operable esophageal cancer”
Mesquita et al, Molecular Oncology 2017, “Molecular analysis of single circulating tumour cells following long-term storage of clinical samples”
Mohme et al, Scientific Reports 2017, “Circulating Tumour Cell Release after Cement Augmentation of Vertebral Metastases”
Kondo et al, BMC 2017, “KRAS mutation analysis of single circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer”
Palmirotta et al, Cancer Genomics and Proteomics 2017, “Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) Analysis on Single Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) with No Need of Whole-genome Amplification (WGA)”
Bingham C et al, Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017, “Mutational studies on single circulating tumor clles isolated form the blood of inflammatory breast cancer patients”
Borgstrom E et al, PLOS One 2017, “Comparison of whole genome amplification techniques for human single cell exome sequencing”
Chen S et al, Nature Scientific Reports 2017, “Catch and Release: rare cell analysis from a functionalised medical wire”
Hosseini et al, Nature 2016, “Early dissemination seeds metastasis in breast cancer”
Breman et al, Prenatal Diagnosis 2016, “Evidence for feasibility of fetal trophoblastic cell-based noninvasive prenatal testing”
De Laere B et al, JTS 2016, “Patients with metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer express PIK3CA oncogene mutational heterogeneity in circulating tumor cells”
Carter L et al, Nature Medicine 2016, “Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells identifies distinct copy-number profiles in patients with chemosensitive and chemorefractory small-cell lung cancer”
Zhaomei Mu et al, IJMC 2016, “Detection and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Associated Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer"
Shaw J et al, Clinical Cancer Research 2016, “Mutation analysis of cell-free DNA and single circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients with high CTC counts”
Babayan et al, Oncotarget 2016, “Comparative study of whole genome amplification and next generation sequencing performance of single cancer cells”
Normand E et al, Prenatal Diagnosis 2016, “Comparison of three whole genome amplification methods for detection of genomic aberrations in single cells”
Millner LM et al, Cancer Research Frontiers 2016, “Comprehensive isolation, identification, and nucleic acid analysis of single breast cancer cells: CTC-isoTECH”
Neumann MHT et al, Biotechnology Progress 2016, “Isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells using a novel workflow combining the CellSearch® system and the CellCelector™”
De Luca F et al, Oncotarget 2016, “Mutational analysis of single circulating tumor cells by next generation sequencing in metastatic breast cancer”
Bulfoni M et al, Breast Cancer Research 2016, “In patients with metastatic breast cancer the identification of circulating tumor cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is associated with a poor prognosis”
Rothwell G et al, Molecular Oncology 2015, “Genetic profiling of tumours using both circulating free DNA and circulating tumour cells isolated from the same preserved whole blood sample”
Vishnoi M et al, Nature Scientific Reports 2015, “The isolation and characterization of CTC subsets related to breast cancer dormancy”
Salvianti et al, Biomolecular Detection and Quantification 2015, "Feasibility of a workflow for the molecular characterization of singlecells by next generation sequencing”
Hou Y ey al, Gigascience 2015, “Comparison of variations detection between whole-genome amplification methods used in single-cell resequencing”
Campton ED et al, BMC Cancer 2015, “High-recovery visual identification and single-cell retrieval of circulating tumor cells for genomic analysis using a dual-technology platform integrated with automated immunofluorescence staining”
Pestrin M et al, Molecular Oncology 2014, “Heterogeneity of PIK3CA mutational status at the single cell level in circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer patients”
Polzer B et al, EMBO Molecular Medicine 2014, “Molecular profiling of single circulating tumor cells with diagnostic intention”
Neves R.P.L et al, Clinical Chemistry 2014, ”Genomic High-Resolution Profiling of Single vCKpos/CD45neg Flow-Sorting Purified Circulating Tumor Cells from Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer”
Fernandez S.V. et al, Breast Cancer Research 2014 , “TP53 mutations detected in circulating tumor cells present in the blood of metastatic triple negative breast cancer patients”
Carpenter E, et al, Frontiers in Oncology 2014, “Dielectrophoretic capture and genetic analisys of single neuroblastoma tumor cells”
Binder V. et al, Human Mutation 2014, “A new workflow for whole genome sequencing of single human cells”
Hodgkinson C.L.et al, Nature Medicine 2014, “Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of Circulating Tumor Cells in Small Cell Lung Cancer”
Watanabe M et al, Journal of Translational Medicine 2014, “A novel flow cytometry-based cell capture platform for the detection, capture and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells”
Czyz ZT, et al. PLOS One 2014, “Reliable single cell array CGH for clinical samples”
Peeters DJE et al, British Journal of Cancer 2013, “Semiautomated isolation and molecular characterisation of single or highly purified tumour cells from CellSearch enriched blood samples using dielectrophoretic cell sorting”
Fabbri F, et al. Cancer Letters 2013, “Detection and recovery of circulating colon cancer cells using a dielectrophoresis-based device: KRAS mutation status in pure CTCs”
Arneson N, et al. ISRN Oncology 2011 “Comparison of whole genome amplification methods for analysis of DNA extracted from microdissected early breast lesions in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue”
Lee YS et al, Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2008, “Comparison of whole genome amplification methods for further quantitative analysis with microarray-based comparative genome hybridization”
Stoecklein NH, et al. Am J Pathol 2002 “SCOMP is superior to degenerated oligonucleotide primed-polymerase chain reaction for global amplification of minute amounts of DNA from microdissected archival tissue samples”
Klein CA, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 “Comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity, and DNA sequence analysis of single cells”
Published Work Demonstrating Use of DEPArray™ Technology in Isolation of Stem Cells
Silvestris et al, Human Reproduction 2018, “In vitro differentiation of human oocytelike cells from oogonial stem cells: single-cell isolation and molecular characterization”
Published Work on Ampli1™ WTA Kit
Rapp C et al, Acta Neuropathol 2017, “Identification of T cell target antigens in glioblastoma stem‑like cells using an integrated proteomics‑based approach in patient specimens”
Review Articles & Book Chapters
Neumann et al, Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 2018, "ctDNA and CTCs in Liquid Biopsy – Current Status and Where We Need to Progress"
Tao R et al, International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2018 "Separation/extraction, detection, and interpretation of DNA mixtures in forensic science"
Poudineh et al, Nature Biomedical Engineering 2018, “Profiling circulating tumour cells and other biomarkers of invasive cancers”
Dal Molin et al, Briefing in Bioinformatics 2018, “How to design a single-cell RNA-sequencing experiment: pitfalls, challenges and perspectives”
Lowes et al, Advance in Clinical Chemistry 2018, “Circulating Tumor Cells and Implications of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition”
Zafar et al, Current Opinion in Systems Biology 2017, "Computational approaches for inferring tumor evolution from single-cell genomic data"
Zhongyi et al, Cell Biology and Toxicology 2017, “Progress and challenges of sequencing and analyzing circulating tumor cells”
Rantalainen et al, Briefings in Functional Genomics 2017, “Application of single-cell sequencing in human cancer”
Zhou et al, F1000 Research 2017, “Circulating tumor cells: silent predictors of metastasis”
Singh R et al, Biomark Med 2017, “Fetal cells in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis: a love story rekindled“
Mohan et al, Translational Lung Cancer Research 2017, “Challenges and unanswered questions for the next decade of circulating tumour cell research in lung cancer”
Chen S et al, Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2017, “Biological and Molecular Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells: A Creative Strategy for Precision Medicine?”
Lampignano R et al, Isolation and Molecular Characterization of CTCs 2017, “Enrichment, Isolation and Molecular Characterization of EpCAM-Negative Circulating Tumor Cells”
Reduzzi C et al, Isolation and Molecular Characterization of CTCs 2017, “Development of a Protocol for Single-Cell Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Solid Tumors”
Appieto V et al, Seminars in Cancer Biology 2017, “How to study and overcome tumor heterogeneity with circulating biomarkers: The breast cancer case”
Christine Gilles et al, Developmental Dynamics 2017, “Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity and Circulating Tumor Cells: Travel Companions to Metastases”
Darrell L. Ellsworth, Clin Trans Med 2017, “Single‑cell sequencing and tumorigenesis: improved understanding of tumor evolution and metastasis”
Kamal M et al, Breast Cancer – From Biology to Medicine 2017 , “Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer: a potential liquid biopsy”
Jian Wang and Yuanlin Song, Clin Trans Med 2017, “Single cell sequencing: a distinct new field”
Luisa M. De Souza et al, Cancer Letters 2017, ”Future of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Melanoma Clinical and Research Laboratory Settings”
Tellez Gabriel et al, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2016, “Tumour Heterogeneity: The Key Advantages of Single-Cell Analysis”
Elisabetta Rossi- Rita Zamarchi, Bone matastases for Prostate Cancer 2016, “Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Metastatic Prostate Cancer (mPCa)”
Bulfoni M et al, Int J Mol Sci 2016, “Dissecting the Heterogeneity of Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Going Far Beyond the Needle in the Haystack”
Tellez Gabriel et al, Clinical Chemistry 2016, "Circulating tumor cells: a review of non–EpCAM-based approaches for cell enrichment and isolation"
Paolillo et al, Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016, “Next generation sequencing in cancer: opportunities and challenges for precision cancer medicine”
Milner et al, Clin Lab Med 2016, “The future of precision medicine in Oncology”
Stanta G et al, Virchows Arch 2016, “Tumor heterogeneity: principles and practical consequences”
Normanno N et al, Expert Review 2016, “The Prognostic role of circulating tumor cells in Lung Cancer”
Tan CR et al, Curr Colorectal Cancer 2016, “Circulating Tumor Cells Versus Circulating Tumor DNA in Colorectal Cancer: Pros and Cons”
Forte V et al, Cancer Biol Med 2016, “The potential for liquid biopsies in the precision medical treatment of breast cancer”
Ferreira MM et al, Molecular Oncology 2016, “Circulating tumor cells technologies”
Kaul V et al, Micro- and Nanosystems for Biotechnology 2016, “Microsystem Assays for Studying the Interactions between Single Cells”
Zhou J et al, Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer 2016, “Liquid Biopsy and its Potential for Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma”
Salvianti F et al, Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostic 2016, “Single circulating tumor cell sequencing as an advanced tool in cancer management”
Massihnia D et al, Tumor Biol. 2016, “A headlight on liquid biopsies: a challenging tool for breast cancer management”
Banys-Paluchowski M et al, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2015, “Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer—current status and perspectives”
Alberter B et al, Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2015 , “Single-cell analysis of CTCs with diagnostic precision: opportunities and challenges for personalized medicine”
Czyż ZT et al, Methods in Molecular Biology 2015, “Deterministic Whole-Genome Amplifi cation of Single Cells”
Czyz ZT et al, Methods in Molecular Biology 2015, “Principles of Whole-Genome Amplification”
Czyz ZT et al, Methods in Molecular Biology 2015, “Laser Microdissection of FFPE Tissue Areas and Subsequent Whole Genome Amplification by Ampli1™"
Gasch C et al, Methods in Molecular Biology 2015, “Whole Genome Amplification in Genomic Analysis of Single Circulating Tumor Cells”
Mato PM et al, Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2015, “Single-cell sequencing in cancer research”
Joost F. Swennenhuis and Leon Terstappen, Methods Mol Bio 2015, “Sample Preparation Methods Following CellSearch Approach Compatible of Single-Cell Whole-Genome Amplification: An Overview”
Ravelli A et al, Tumor Biol. 2015, “Breast cancer circulating biomarkers: advantages, drawbacks, and new insights”
Potdar PD et al, Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment 2015, “Role of circulating tumor cells in future diagnosis and therapy of cancer”
Li J et al, Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 2015, “Using circulating tumor cells to inform on prostate cancer biology and clinical utility”
Wang Y et al, Molecular Cell 2015, “Advances and Applications of Single-Cell Sequencing Technologies”
Hart DH et al, Current Breast Cancer Reports 2015, “Circulating Tumour Cells as Liquid Biopsy in Breast Cancer—Advancing from Prognostic to Predictive Potential”
Möhlendick B et al, Curr Protoc Cell Biol 2014, “Analysis of Copy-Number Alterations in Single Cells Using Microarray-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)”
Lowes LE et al, Cancers 2014, “Recent Advances in the molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells”
Navin NE et al, Genome Biology 2014, “Cancer genomics: one cell at a time”
Krebs MG et al, Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncolo. 2014, “Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells- biology and biomarkers”
Conteduca V et al, Future Medicine 2014, “Circulating tumor cells: utopia or reality?”
Milner LM, et al, Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 2013, “Circulating Tumor Cells: A Review of Present Methods and the Need to Identify Heterogeneous Phenotypes”
Mannello F et al, Expert Reviews of Proteomics 2012, “Deciphering the single –cell omic: innovative application for translational medicine”
Dong X et al, Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2012, “Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in breast cancer: a diagnostic tool for prognosis and molecular analysis”
Parkinson DR et al, Journal of Translational Medicine 2012, “Considerations in the development of circulating tumor cell technology for clinical use”
Editorials about DEPArray™ FFPE Application
Kathy Liszewski, GEN 2016, “The Next Next Thing in Sequencing”
Farideh Bischoff, Nicolò Manaresi and Chiara Bolognesi, GEN 2015, “Isolation of Pure Tumor Cell Populations”
The following references are relevant to the underlying principle of applying dielectrophoresis as a means to manipulate and move cells.
Abonnenc M et al, J Immunol 2013, "Lysis-on-Chip of Single Target Cells following Forced Interaction with CTLs or NK Cells on a Dielectrophoresis-Based Array"
Abonnenc M et al, Anal. Chem. 2013, "Programmable Interactions of Functionalized Single Bioparticles in a Dielectrophoresis-Based Microarray Chip"
Gagnon ZR, Electrophoresis 2011, "Cellular dielectrophoresis: applications to the characterization, manipulation, separation and patterning of cells"
Fabbri E et al, J Appl Polymer Sci 2008, "Levitation and movement of tripalmitin-based cationic lipospheres on a dielectrophoresis-based lab-on-a-chip device"
Borgatti M et al, Int J Mol Med 2008, "New trends in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: Applications of dielectrophoresis-based Lab-on-a-chip platforms to the identification and manipulation of rare cells"
Vulto P et al, J Micromech Microeng 2006, "Selective sample recovery of DEP-separated cells and particles by phaseguide-controlled laminar flow"
Fuchs AB et al, Lab Chip 2005, "Electronic Sorting and Recovery of Single Live Cells From Microlitre Sized Samples"
Borgatti M et al, Int J Mol Med 2005, "Separation of White Blood Cells From Erythrocytes on a Dielectrophoresis (DEP) Based 'Lab-On-A-Chip' Device"
Borgatti M et al, International Journal Oncology 2005, "Dielectrophoresis-based 'Lab-on-a-chip' devices for programmable binding of microspheres to target cells"
Abonnenc M et al, NanoBiotechnology 2005, "A dielectrophoretic microchip for controlled cell targeting with functionalized microspheres"
Medoro G et al, IEEE Sensors J 2003, "A lab-on-a-chip for cell detection and manipulation"
Altomare L et al, Biotechnol and Bioeng 2003, "Levitation and movement of human tumor cells using a printed circuit board device based on software-controlled dielectrophoresis"
Gascoyne PR et al, Electrophoresis 2002, "Particle separation by dielectrophoresis"
Archer S et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, "Cell Reactions to Dielectrophoretic Manipulation"
